Etienne started his career in mass transit ticketing in the 90's as a pioneer in contactless cards.  He has devoted the last 30 years to various projects in the payment industry, particularly mobile payment. The logical outcome of this journey is to have defined and made available to ticketing integrators and transport agencies a complete range of solutions for the digital and physical issuance of their transport tickets. Etienne experience in transit and EMV payment has benefited a roadmap allowing the combination and optimization of open-loop and closed-loop ticketing.